Heike Kamerlingh Onnes (21 September 1853 – 21 February 1926) was a Dutch physicist and Nobel laureate. He pioneered algidity techniques, and he explored how abstracts behaved back cooled to about complete zero. He was the aboriginal to liquify helium. His assembly of acute cryogenic temperatures led to his analysis of superconductivity in 1911: for assertive materials, electrical attrition abruptly vanishes at actual low temperatures.
Sunday, 18 December 2011
Biography
Early years
Kamerlingh Onnes was built-in in Groningen, Netherlands. His father, Harm Kamerlingh Onnes, was a brickworks owner. His mother was Anna Gerdina Coers of Arnhem.
In 1870, Kamerlingh Onnes abounding the University of Groningen. He advised beneath Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff at the University of Heidelberg from 1871 to 1873. Again at Groningen, he acquired his masters in 1878 and a doctorate in 1879. His apriorism was "Nieuwe bewijzen voor de aswenteling der aarde" (tr. Fresh proofs of the circling of the earth). From 1878 to 1882 he was abettor to Johannes Bosscha, the administrator of the TU Delft (then Delft Polytechnic), for whom he commissioned as academician in 1881 and 1882.
edit University of Leiden
From 1882 to 1923 Kamerlingh Onnes served as assistant of beginning physics at the University of Leiden. In 1904 he founded a actual ample cryogenics class and arrive added advisers to the location, which fabricated him awful admired in the accurate community. In 1908, he was the aboriginal physicist to liquify helium, application the Hampson-Linde aeon and cryostats. Application the Joule-Thomson effect, he bargain the temperature to -269 °C, 3 K. At the time this was the coldest temperature accomplished on earth. The aboriginal accessories is at the Boerhaave Museum in Leiden.
edit Family
He was affiliated to Maria Adriana Wilhelmina Elisabeth Bijleveld (m. 1887) and had one child, alleged Albert. His brother Menso Kamerlingh Onnes (1860-1925) was a adequately able-bodied accepted painter (and ancestor of addition painter, Harm Kamerlingh Onnes), while his sister Jenny affiliated addition acclaimed painter, Floris Verster (1861-1927).
edit Superconductivity
Kamerlingh Onnes conducted (in 1911) electrical assay of authentic metals (mercury, tin and lead) at actual low temperatures. Some, such as William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), believed that electrons abounding through a aqueduct would appear to a complete arrest or, in added words, metal resistivity would become always ample at complete zero. Others, including Kamerlingh Onnes, acquainted that a conductor's electrical attrition would steadily abatement and bead to nil. Augustus Matthiessen acicular out back the temperature decreases, the metal application usually improves or in added words, the electrical resistivity usually decreases with a abatement of temperature.1
On April 8, 1911, Kamerlingh Onnes begin that at 4.2 K the attrition in a solid mercury wire absorbed in aqueous helium aback vanished. He anon accomplished the acceptation of the analysis (as became bright back his anthology was deciphered a aeon later).2 He appear that "Mercury has anesthetized into a fresh state, which on annual of its amazing electrical backdrop may be alleged the superconductive state". He appear added accessories about the phenomenon, initially apropos to it as "supraconductivity" and, alone afterwards adopting the appellation "superconductivity.".
Kamerlingh Onnes accustomed boundless acceptance for his work, including the 1913 Nobel Prize in Physics for (in the words of the committee) "his investigations on the backdrop of amount at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the assembly of aqueous helium".
edit Legacy
Some of the instruments he devised for his abstracts can still be apparent at the Boerhaave Museum in Leiden. The accoutrement he acclimated to aboriginal adulterate helium is on affectation in the antechamber of the physics administration at Leiden University, area the low temperature lab is additionally alleged in his honor. His apprentice and almsman as administrator of the lab Willem Hendrik Keesom was the aboriginal being who was able to coalesce helium, in 1926.
The Onnes-effect apropos to the bit-by-bit of superfluid Helium is alleged in his honor.
The atrium Kamerlingh Onnes on the Moon is alleged afterwards him.
Onnes is additionally accustomed with bogus the chat "enthalpy".3
Onnes' analysis of superconductivity was alleged an IEEE Milestone in 2011.4
Kamerlingh Onnes was built-in in Groningen, Netherlands. His father, Harm Kamerlingh Onnes, was a brickworks owner. His mother was Anna Gerdina Coers of Arnhem.
In 1870, Kamerlingh Onnes abounding the University of Groningen. He advised beneath Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff at the University of Heidelberg from 1871 to 1873. Again at Groningen, he acquired his masters in 1878 and a doctorate in 1879. His apriorism was "Nieuwe bewijzen voor de aswenteling der aarde" (tr. Fresh proofs of the circling of the earth). From 1878 to 1882 he was abettor to Johannes Bosscha, the administrator of the TU Delft (then Delft Polytechnic), for whom he commissioned as academician in 1881 and 1882.
edit University of Leiden
From 1882 to 1923 Kamerlingh Onnes served as assistant of beginning physics at the University of Leiden. In 1904 he founded a actual ample cryogenics class and arrive added advisers to the location, which fabricated him awful admired in the accurate community. In 1908, he was the aboriginal physicist to liquify helium, application the Hampson-Linde aeon and cryostats. Application the Joule-Thomson effect, he bargain the temperature to -269 °C, 3 K. At the time this was the coldest temperature accomplished on earth. The aboriginal accessories is at the Boerhaave Museum in Leiden.
edit Family
He was affiliated to Maria Adriana Wilhelmina Elisabeth Bijleveld (m. 1887) and had one child, alleged Albert. His brother Menso Kamerlingh Onnes (1860-1925) was a adequately able-bodied accepted painter (and ancestor of addition painter, Harm Kamerlingh Onnes), while his sister Jenny affiliated addition acclaimed painter, Floris Verster (1861-1927).
edit Superconductivity
Kamerlingh Onnes conducted (in 1911) electrical assay of authentic metals (mercury, tin and lead) at actual low temperatures. Some, such as William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), believed that electrons abounding through a aqueduct would appear to a complete arrest or, in added words, metal resistivity would become always ample at complete zero. Others, including Kamerlingh Onnes, acquainted that a conductor's electrical attrition would steadily abatement and bead to nil. Augustus Matthiessen acicular out back the temperature decreases, the metal application usually improves or in added words, the electrical resistivity usually decreases with a abatement of temperature.1
On April 8, 1911, Kamerlingh Onnes begin that at 4.2 K the attrition in a solid mercury wire absorbed in aqueous helium aback vanished. He anon accomplished the acceptation of the analysis (as became bright back his anthology was deciphered a aeon later).2 He appear that "Mercury has anesthetized into a fresh state, which on annual of its amazing electrical backdrop may be alleged the superconductive state". He appear added accessories about the phenomenon, initially apropos to it as "supraconductivity" and, alone afterwards adopting the appellation "superconductivity.".
Kamerlingh Onnes accustomed boundless acceptance for his work, including the 1913 Nobel Prize in Physics for (in the words of the committee) "his investigations on the backdrop of amount at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the assembly of aqueous helium".
edit Legacy
Some of the instruments he devised for his abstracts can still be apparent at the Boerhaave Museum in Leiden. The accoutrement he acclimated to aboriginal adulterate helium is on affectation in the antechamber of the physics administration at Leiden University, area the low temperature lab is additionally alleged in his honor. His apprentice and almsman as administrator of the lab Willem Hendrik Keesom was the aboriginal being who was able to coalesce helium, in 1926.
The Onnes-effect apropos to the bit-by-bit of superfluid Helium is alleged in his honor.
The atrium Kamerlingh Onnes on the Moon is alleged afterwards him.
Onnes is additionally accustomed with bogus the chat "enthalpy".3
Onnes' analysis of superconductivity was alleged an IEEE Milestone in 2011.4
Honors and awards
Matteucci Medal (1910)
Rumford Medal (1912)
Nobel Prize for Physics (1913)
Franklin Medal (1915)
Rumford Medal (1912)
Nobel Prize for Physics (1913)
Franklin Medal (1915)
Selected publications
Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Nieuwe bewijzen voor de aswenteling der aarde." Ph.D. dissertation. Groningen, Netherlands, 1879.
Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Algemeene theorie der vloeistoffen." Amsterdam Akad. Verhandl; 21, 1881.
Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "On the Cryogenic Laboratory at Leyden and on the Production of Very Low Temperature." Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden; 14, 1894.
Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Théorie générale de l'état fluide." Haarlem Arch. Neerl.; 30, 1896.
Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Further experiments with liquid helium. C. On the change of electric resistance of pure metals at very low temperatures, etc. IV. The resistance of pure mercury at helium temperatures." Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden; No. 120b, 1911.
Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Further experiments with liquid helium. D. On the change of electric resistance of pure metals at very low temperatures, etc. V. The disappearance of the resistance of mercury." Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden; No. 122b, 1911.
Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Further experiments with liquid helium. G. On the electrical resistance of pure metals, etc. VI. On the sudden change in the rate at which the resistance of mercury disappears." Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden; No. 124c, 1911.
Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "On the Lowest Temperature Yet Obtained." Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden; No. 159, 1922.
Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Algemeene theorie der vloeistoffen." Amsterdam Akad. Verhandl; 21, 1881.
Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "On the Cryogenic Laboratory at Leyden and on the Production of Very Low Temperature." Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden; 14, 1894.
Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Théorie générale de l'état fluide." Haarlem Arch. Neerl.; 30, 1896.
Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Further experiments with liquid helium. C. On the change of electric resistance of pure metals at very low temperatures, etc. IV. The resistance of pure mercury at helium temperatures." Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden; No. 120b, 1911.
Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Further experiments with liquid helium. D. On the change of electric resistance of pure metals at very low temperatures, etc. V. The disappearance of the resistance of mercury." Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden; No. 122b, 1911.
Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "Further experiments with liquid helium. G. On the electrical resistance of pure metals, etc. VI. On the sudden change in the rate at which the resistance of mercury disappears." Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden; No. 124c, 1911.
Kamerlingh Onnes, H., "On the Lowest Temperature Yet Obtained." Comm. Phys. Lab. Univ. Leiden; No. 159, 1922.
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